Importance of Infrastructure Investment in the UK

Significance of Infrastructure Investment in the UK Affirmations In 1999, I finished the first year of the full-time Quantity Surveying course at Glasgow Caledonian University before moving to America in 2001. Following a five-year remain, I came back to Glasgow in September 2006 and re-took on the Part-time Quantity Surveying course. Ten years on from the primary experience of the QS course, it gives me extraordinary joy and pride to submit one of the last bits of work in the distinctions year. It has been an astounding and startling excursion. I would not be in this position on the off chance that it were not for the fantastic degrees of help and consolation appeared by such a large number of and might want to accept this open door to recognize a portion of these individuals. To begin with, I might want to express gratitude toward Raymond McCafferty Michael Heggarty of Cruden Building Renewals for utilizing me and giving me this chance. Their proceeded with help and consolation all through this procedure has given me the concentration and drive to consistently improve my work. My partners at Cruden additionally merit an uncommon notice for their help during the paper and without the giggles during the day; this procedure would have been quite a lot more troublesome. Much appreciated folks!!! I might likewise want to express gratitude toward Halbert Mills at Glasgow Caledonian University for tolerating me again into the course and accepting that I could get to this stage. Over the span of this thesis, I made them challenge times when I had a feeling that I didn't have a clue how to build up my picked point. I might want to give my genuine gratitude to my chief, Dr. John Lowe, for his rousing info when I had these troubles. Shockingly, I can't name everybody except I need to thank every one of my loved ones who without their help I could never have finished this bit of work. Mum, Dad, Gran, thank you such a great amount for everything. At last, the affection and backing appeared by my Wife, Brooke, during this procedure has been a significant wellspring of motivation. We will both be happy when the late evening considering and finishing of tasks is at last finished. Diminish McLellan 1. Section 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale for the Study Framework shapes the financial spine of the UK. The texture characterizes us as a cutting edge industrialized country. The norm and versatility of foundation in the UK has an immediate relationship to the development and intensity of our economy. (Skinner, 2010) For the UK to hold its serious edge, a more drawn out term perspective on interest in foundation must lead strategy making. (Stewart, 2009) This paper offers a chance to investigate and explore an exceptionally topical issue. The United Kingdom winds up still amidst one of the most noticeably awful financial downturns in ongoing memory and in a time of monetary union. Because of this discouraged monetary circumstance, troublesome choices have must be made by all areas inside the UK to cooperate to drive the nation out of the downturn. The ongoing release of the Economic and monetary Strategy Report and Financial Statement and spending plan by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, features the significance of executing estimates that will advance supportable development. Regardless of humble developments to GDP of 0.4 percent in the last quarter in 2009 (NSO, 2010), the general accord is that the United Kingdom is in the beginning periods of recuperation. The 2010 financial plan, called Securing the recuperation, plots manners by which it intends to help this vision. One of these strategies, is to put resources into foundation, including extra financing for transport and neighborhood streets and making a Green Investment bank. (UK Budget, 2010) Likewise, the Eddington Report, distributed on 1 Dec 2006, was an investigation together appointed by the Secretary of State for Transport and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Its job was to dissect the drawn out connections, inside the limits of the Governments more extensive promise to reasonable turn of events, among transport and the UKs development, security and financial efficiency. The discoveries of this investigation will be talked about and contrasted with the venture required to fulfill the future needs of the UK. Moreover, in an ongoing report completed by the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC), it uncovered that lacking vitality, transport, and correspondences framework keeps on lessening the open door for UK organizations to develop. It additionally plots that during this period when organizations assume an essential job in the recuperation of the economy, efficiency is being influenced because of absence of limit, accordingly confining the UKs monetary potential. (BCC review, 2010) Because of the overview completed in 2010, David Frost, the Director general of the BCC expressed the accompanying: A countrys foundation is critical to the achievement of its organizations. In the present condition of monetary vulnerability and open spending imperatives, our vitality, computerized, and transport systems must be capable if business is to convey development and make work. The charming circumstance that the UK Government presently face is choosing the most ideal approach to invigorate monetary development without expanding the deficiency. One of the issues with expanding shortfalls is the Government should get to support the obligation. Because of the world-banking emergency regarding the most recent couple of years, there is hesitance to build the UK obligation further and along these lines this may affect framework interest in this nation. This exposition gives a chance to explore the degree of foundation required in the UK and survey the part it plays to the drawn out feasible development of the UK economy. Moreover, in doing as such, the creator expects to check whether further interest in Infrastructure works is reasonable in the current financial atmosphere. 1.2 Aim The point of this thesis is to evaluate the significance of framework interest in the United Kingdom and how this effects on the drawn out reasonable development of the UK Economy given the current financial limitations. 1.3 Objectives To audit Fiscal and Monetary approach hypotheses accessible to the UK Government. To survey the present and future requests for foundation works in the UK. To comprehend the degree of significance of foundation work venture to the UK economy. To comprehend the jobs, duties and alternatives accessible to open and private bodies in bringing cash-flow to put up in foundation works in the UK. To feature the monetary and social advantages picked up because of expanded interest in picked framework areas by using theoretical cost model projections. 1.4 Outline Methodology of the Research 1.5 Dissertation Contents Section 2 Gives a broad Literature survey on the theme zone. The creator will give a general outline of financial hypothesis, prologue to foundation, and an audit of the pertinent examinations distributed worldwide that uncover scholarly contemplations on framework speculation sway on the economy. This will be done in the method of both clear and a diagnostic way to deal with all the suitable writing sourced to help in this thesis. Naoum (2007) states It is expressive in that it depicts crafted by past essayists and it is explanatory in that it basically investigations the commitment of others with a perspective on distinguishing similitudes and inconsistencies made by past journalists. As indicated by Naoum (2007), the writing audit will fill two needs. To start with, it takes into consideration social affair of data to permit improvement of issues and subjects inside the picked theme that at last shape the examination plan. Second, the writing survey will help structure the premise of the exploration configuration by examining past examination plans. Part 3 Part 3 acquaints the peruser with the various exploration procedures accessible to the creator and will feature the qualities and shortcomings of each and benefits of each approach, before demonstrating the picked strategies for quantitative examination strategy Part 3 analyzes the different exploration strategies that were accessible to the creator and depicts the qualities and shortcomings of every one of the methodologies in regard to the accessible information. Specifically this part presents the thinking behind the creators choice to embrace the quantitative examination procedure and clarifies how this methodology was applied. This part additionally portrays the wellspring of the information and features any likely predisposition or restrictions that the creator experienced inside the examination. Moreover this section unequivocally clarifies the procedure for choosing and sorting the fitting information preceding examination in a predictable way. John Hannah passage Section 4 Section 4 expands upon the procedure depicted in the past section and looks at the essential wellspring of information to evaluate what patterns are obvious with every one of the specific classifications. This area proceeds to develop the first quantitative investigation and inspect a progression of quantitative contextual investigations to survey the degree of early notice occasions and remuneration occasions that happened on finished activities. John Hannah passage Section 5 Taking everything into account, part 5 sums up the discoveries of this exploration and consider if the first point and goals have been accomplished. At long last, this part talks about the creators discoveries and proposes a rundown of proposals for future examinations. John Hannah passage 2. Part Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The reason for research is to make a commitment, anyway little, towards understanding the wonder being considered and at last towards the complete assemblage of information (Parahoo, 2006) The proposed reason for the accompanying writing audit is to give a general foundation to the picked point that will help in the comprehension of the accompanying regions: How the UK Economy capacities and what variables drive it. Depiction investigation of past exploration on the effect of foundation venture on the economy. The job the constructi

Strategic Alignment of Transport Collaboration †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Talk about the Strategic Alignment of Transport Collaboration. Answer: Presentation: BP Australia works its business inside Oil and Gas Services Industry and is engaged with assembling and disseminating oil administrations and items. The firm was set up n 1919 and is arranged in Melbourne Australia that works as an auxiliary of BP Plc. The organization is associated with upstream investigation, raw petroleum and flammable gas refining, downstream advertising gracefully of essential fuel, oil and bitumen items (Al-Dajani et al. 2014). The organization offers administrations and items to its purchasers all over Australia. The organization is engaged with investigation and assembling of oil, flammable gas, condensed gaseous petrol alongside transportation, refining and promoting of oil or oil based commodities. BP Australia transports refined just as foul items to and from terminals and processing plants alongside the buyers utilizing gas bearers, ships, pipelines, prepares and trucks. The organization offers its products to retail and business customers from a few vent ures including flying, dashing and retail administration stations in (Australia bp.com. 2018). Oil and gas administrations industry in Australia is vigorous that has brought about considerable development in the course of recent years. In the business the neighborhood associations incredible considered to build up its profound and remote assets so as to accomplish aptitude in investigation and boring advances, designing and plan alongside activities and support. The oil and gas industry of Australia has a worldwide notoriety so as to manage difficulties related with remote area of its assets alongside social and ecological difficulties. Instruction and preparing capacity of Australia is likewise vita to worldwide seriousness of its oil and gas industry (Browne et al. 2016). Since the 1965 boring of first seaward well and with the advanced coal crease gas blast, the industry has created and supported globally regarded, imaginative administrations and innovation. This is worked around the enormous number of oil and gas ventures. Serious Strength Analysis of BP Australiaand its Rival organizations - Caltex and Shell Serious quality of BP Australia alongside its opponent organizations, for example, Caltex and Shell is assessed. BP Australia has serious quality is in its especially evolved plan of action. To keep up its serious and economical position, the organization has kept up enhanced portfolio the whole way across business, topographies just as asset types (Busch and McCormick 2014). Building up the upstream and downstream organizations and appropriately settled exchanging abilities can bolster in moderating the effect of lower product estimating cycles. The organization has upper hand of keeping up adjusted portfolio with advantaged oil and gas alongside powerful venture technique offers with versatility. Then again, serious qualities achieved by Caltex incorporate an effective gracefully and advertising framework that had encouraged the organization in accomplishing a serious edge. In addition, a quick effective development in the promoting industry has likewise brought about its gainfulness increment. Board administration and item portfolio including diesel, biofuel mixes, exactness splash oils and marine fills offices in diminishing dangers related with one field and achieve income from various assorted sources (Caltex 2018). The organization additionally has serious qualities in having productive refining yield results upheld by more grounded treatment facility edges, plant unwavering quality preferences alongside having diminished devaluation charge. This has additionally come about in the companys money related achievement. Serious qualities of Shell Company incorporate solid market position, solid investigating capacity, vertical coordination alongside solid innovative work. The organization has constantly endeavored to improve its advances for carbon impression decline alongside creating strategies to investigate more fills in diminished exertion. It is additionally accumulated that the organization is related with investigation and creation (Chan, Cameron and Yoon 2017). Also, in downstream market it is related with advertising the refined items. The vertical coordination offers high upper hands in parts of money saving advantages and quality control. Key Success Factors for the Industry Key achievement factors that are available in the oil and gas industry in Australia incorporate item highlights, notoriety and altruism, money related quality, mechanical administrations and dissemination arrange. The item highlights of expansion are esteemed to be significant in diminishing business dangers enveloping expectation of oil value vacillation. Spread out area of the oil and gas save may encourage in diminishing business interference chance (Chang, Hsieh and Chen 2016). Another key achievement factor that is significant in the oil and gas industry is the money related quality. This assessment includes an investigation of the executives arrangement, technique and reasoning towards the money related hazard. This likewise incorporates investigation of money related focuses of the administration, supporting and certain different strategies with an end goal to diminish in general dangers of an oil organization. The board of the liabilities of the oil organizations are likewise checked on in a superior way (Chuang and Yang 2014). Notoriety and generosity is another key achievement factor as the oil business for long time has been an industry where optional choices, for example, concessions or permit grants have been essential. Notoriety is additionally esteemed as an essential factor in estimating achievement of the oil business. Innovative administrations goes about as one of the key achievement marker in the oil business concerning accomplishing upper hands inside the business. The business estimates accomplishment of the organizations working inside it through dissecting how well they are keeping up mechanically propelled flexibly industry. Dissemination organize fills in as another key achievement marker in the oil business. This is for the explanation that upper hands can be accomplished from a few actuates performed by the oil organizations working inside the business through creating and conveying esteem (Fryer, Antony and Douglas 2015). Worth chain support is one of the significant key achievement pointer this makes the manner by which the oil organizations keep up connection between the shop and the customers. Intensity of BP Australiaagainst its Rivals The viability of the key achievement factors for BP Australia Company alongside its evaluations are given on a rating size of 1 to 10. The rating that is given be summarized for each organization so as to understand the manners by which all the key achievement factors are accomplished by these organizations in accomplishing an upper hand (Guo, Liu and Liu 2016). Key Success Factors BP Australia Company Caltex Company Shell Company Item includes 10 9 7 Notoriety and generosity 7 5 10 Money related quality 10 8 5 Innovative administrations 7 5 8 Appropriation organize 6 8 9 Complete 40 35 39 From the assessment of the key achievement elements of these organizations it has been accumulated that BP Australia has proficient item includes that fills in as its significant achievement factor inside Australian oil and gas industry. The items highlights of this organization is regarded to achieve upper hand over Shell and Caltex Company for there are effective types of gas to fluids fuel alongside different items. Shell Company has better achievement factor in altruism and notoriety. BP Australia is in the subsequent position contrasted with its rivals as its rivals have embraced better condition changes as a part of their notoriety the board systems. Monetary quality of BP Australia is better than its rivals that fill in as one of its significant achievement factors. This is for the explanation that the organization has kept up better liquidity alongside successful capital assets. Innovative administrations offered by BP Australia are arranged in the second situation in contras t with its rivals. This is for the explanation that the organization offers a wide scope of specialized administrations and aptitude that centers around upgrading wellbeing, security alongside companys execution in the business. Dissemination system of BP Australia isn't far superior to its business rivals. This is for the explanation that it works inside downstream energizes it has different fuel sources, local treatment facilities alongside its fuel merchants. Technique Selection Based on Competitive Position in the Market So as to accomplish upper hand over Shell and Caltex Company, BP Australia is prescribed to execute certain cautious technique dependent on the adequacy of its key achievement factors. In following this procedure, the organization will attempt to build up a fair portfolio with having serious downstream alongside low carbon future support (Irjayanti and Azis 2015). Another compelling guarded system that can be executed by the organization is mixture technique that shows the organization must work its business in an ease based condition. The organization should likewise concentrate on reinvesting in low cost alongside separation in business activity. So as to support its serious situation as one of the most settled oil association, it must utilize half breed system (Kayikci, Bartolacci and LeBlanc 2018). It should likewise consider following this procedure in the long haul for the explanation that it can encourage the organization in achieving separation alongside a value which is lower in contrast with the contenders of BP Australia. Throughout the years, the organization should likewise consider experiencing major remakes of CDU so as to process substantial rough alongside its effective assembling. Innovative achievement

Essay on Human Rights in America

Essay on Human Rights in America Human Rights in America Oct 29, 2019 in Law Introduction The issue of human rights has always been one of the most important elements required for development of humankind. From ancient time human rights defined what people from different societies could or could not do. The overall development of social relations and institutions has led to the creation of a strict set of rules designed to govern every type of human activities. Nowadays, this set of rules is called the system of human rights and is divided into different sections that govern specific areas of human activities like labor rights, housing rights, etc. Nevertheless, some serious problems remain unsolved by certain areas of human rights, especially in certain regions with specific national rights. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the interactions between different types of human rights in order to clearly understand how each type works, what problems remain and how they could be solved. Body The development of human society has led to creation of human rights systems designed to preserve and protect peoples essential rights through governing different spheres of human activities. It would be logical to assume that high moral and social development of humanity nowadays has resulted in unquestionable respect for human rights all over the world. But reality seems to be completely different from such optimistic thoughts. Order now Live Chat According to recent surveys and research, it can be clearly stated that the system of human rights does not work properly in different regions of the world (Are human rights universal rights?, 2005). This problem is especially topical for countries that prefer sticking to old traditions and using questionable law system. There are many examples of such countries in modern world like Islamic countries or undeveloped African and Latin American countries. National rights in these countries are different from universal human rights that are considered normal in civilized world. For example, in most Islamic countries women and men possess different personal rights. It can be evenly stated that women are denied most of the rights that are considered integral in developed countries like rights to vote, receive quality education or work in certain areas. The current situation in African countries seems to be even worse. Aside from inequality in mens and womens rights there are major problems regarding cruel and brutal treatment of citizens. The governments of African countries that rely on military power can do almost anything to their citizens, including tortures and even killings of innocent people. Therefore, it can be stated that national rights in some countries do not provide the full spectrum of essential universal human rights. This happens due to lack of moral, cultural and social development in certain countries. It is also a known problem that the governments of some developed countries like the USA still preserve the practice of death penalty that goes against universal human right to live. According to recent research, some developed countries also seek to redefine torture. This could lead to such disastrous consequences like creating an environment in which intolerance, racism and xenophobia can flourish (Are human rights universal rights?, 2005). Therefore, it is essential to preserve high moral values in order to avoid these consequences. In my opinion, the value of human rights in closely connected to both liberal and republican views on citizenship. Both liberal and republic systems have their advantages and disadvantages. The liberal system provides greater personal freedom and tolerance to all social groups, but it imposes too lenient punishment for crimes. The republican system provides greater social protection at the cost of some measure of personal freedom. Therefore, it is impo ssible to tell which system contributes more to the principles of human rights. Two more important issues concerning universal human rights in the modern world are the questions of labor and housing rights. It is clear that decent living conditions require adequate salary and housing provision. It is a common knowledge that labor rights are protected by law, but according to recent research there are many problems concerning their compliance. The development of technical progress and world economy has led to creation on huge international companies that employ people from all over the world. Such companies rush for maximum profit at all costs that leads to ignoring many aspects of labor rights (Oviendo, 2008 ). Many of these international companies are located in the USA. For example, many of these companies do not provide quality working conditions, adequate salary or decent working schedule (Oviendo, 2008). The problem of ignoring labor rights is also topical for undeveloped African and Latin American countries, many Islamic countries and some countries of Asi an region. This occurs due to poor economic situation in these countries or complete disdain for peoples right justified by cultural traditions (Oviendo, 2008). Ignoring human labor rights can lead to negative consequences like social tension, decrease of production efficiency and deterioration of overall economic situation. The issue of ignoring housing rights is also a very serious problem topical for developed and undeveloped countries. According to specialists, it is essential to receive a high salary in order to maintain quality housing conditions in developed countries like the USA (Gomez Thiele, 2005). Therefore, people from poor families and certain social group cannot afford to have decent housing conditions. Poor overall economic situation in undeveloped countries also leads to lack of decent housing conditions for people from different social groups. It is also important to understand that most of the governments do not put enough efforts into providing their citizens with decent ho using conditions, leaving the problem to be solved by people themselves (Gomez Thiele, 2005). Ignoring housing rights leads to social distress and major dissatisfaction with government system that could result even in armed riots. Conclusion Taking into consideration all information given above it can be stated that ignoring essential human rights can lead to serious negative consequences for whole human society. Therefore, it is essential to preserve and protect human rights by implementing effective justice system worldwide. Such actions shall ensure further development and prosperity of humanity for generations to come.

Sociology Reflection Paper - 1201 Words

Sociology Reflection Paper When I first decided to go back to school at the ripe age of 33, I had no idea what I wanted to study. I had recently closed my Pedorthic business and needed a change. Due to my fulltime job and five children, I decided taking online courses would fit into my hectic schedule. In High School I enjoyed taking Sociology and Psychology so I figured those two classes would be fun and interesting to start with. Not only have I enjoyed this class, I have decided to major in Sociology. Taking this class awakened the interest and excitement that I had back in High School. I am looking forward to continuing down this path. While I enjoyed the entire course, I specifically enjoyed chapter 8, Global Inequality. I†¦show more content†¦Society has long sought to find a definite difference between what is natural and what is too harsh for children. There are obvious cases of abuse and improper treatment of child laborers as there have been for years, and it is obvious that it is in no way beneficial to the children to work as they do. There then comes a question of whether or not something should be done and if so then what. Child labor is an issue rooted in the very idea that sometimes, the members of society have a responsibility to the rest of society to work for the good of those people who cannot work for themselves. The children involved never have and do not now possess the capability to seek change. This ability lies solely in the rest of society. The issue then becomes a question of how people respond to social responsibility. It is easy to separate oneself from social responsibilities as many people in the countries of global power, like the United States, do not have a real or serious problem of child labor. They are really above the problems of modern child labor as the only real contact that they have with it is when the major companies therein are accused of contributing to the hiring of unfairly compensated and over-worked child employees. Child labor stands as a strong example of how some changes must be brought upon by people outside of the circle. Of those in the Industrial Revolution whoShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Sociology And Sociology2171 Words   |  9 PagesAs I reflect on sociology 100, I realized that this is truly a course that opens up one s mind. I admire the fact that this course really going to teach me a lot. I was really scared to take this class because honestly I had no idea what Sociology is? I never took this class but my professor made it easy and he made very clear that how we can keep an A in the class and what he expects from us. 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Essay Cultures and Co-Cultures - 1178 Words

Cultures and Co-Cultures By: Anna Skidmore Delta College A Culture is the language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn according to Larry Samovar and his colleagues (2007). Culture includes two different groups called in-groups which are groups that you identify yourself with and out-groups which is a group of people we view as different (Frings amp; Abram, 2010; Quist amp; Jorgensen, 2010). Examples of culture is the foods we eat, holidays we celebrate, the type of music we listen to, or even how we address someone. A co-culture is groups of people banded through beliefs, values, behaviors, and a culture inside a larger culture (Ober amp; Spellers, 2005). Being a member of a co-culture can be a†¦show more content†¦Just like it is in most American families. Co-cultures are just like a branch off of a culture. In the case of the culture that I am part of, being a teenage would be a co-culture. 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Through this process we simply add new information to our existingRead MoreCulture : How Do We Define It?1382 Words   |  6 PagesCulture, how do we define it? According to our textbook, culture is defined as â€Å"the language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn† (Adler, Rosenfeld, Proctor II, 2012, p. 38). Being a part of different cultures can allow you to engage with people you are similar to or set you apart from people who are different from you. As for me, I’m a part an American culture. This culture makes me who I am, allowing me to express my values of what I believe. As for co-cultures, ourRead MoreWe Learn Culture Through Communication978 Words   |  4 PagesCulture is not something you’re born with, like blue eyes or black hair; culture is som ething you learn through communication (O Hair Wiemann, pg.67, 2011). Culture also includes your continued way of thinking, feeling and behaving. 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Co-Creation Leadership Culture In the leadership culture, the leader and subordinate must be responsive to the needs of the company. As noted in Figure 1, the channel of communication is a powerful tool for the synthesis of information, problem solving and innovation. According to Ramaswamy and Chopra (2014), a co-creation leadership culture can be created in six steps that entail identifying the key stakeholdersRead MoreHarrison Typology1536 Words   |  7 PagesHarrison: Typologies of Organisational Culture These are rough, lecture note summaries only Handy reporting the work of Harrison, suggests that organisations can be classified under four cultures: POWER CULTURE Many small enterprises and large conglomerates such display the characteristics of a centralised power culture. Even Mintzberg recognises this in his account of a divisionalised structure. This model is very like Weber s Charismatic organisation. It is like a web with a ruling spiderRead MoreCorporate Co Branding : The Case Of Adidas And The All Blacks1527 Words   |  7 Pages 3. Equity in corporate co-branding: The case of Adidas and the All Blacks Judy Motion Shirley Leitch Roderick J. Brodie, (2003),Equity in corporate co-brandingThe case of Adidas and the All Blacks, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37 Iss 7/8 pp. 1080 - 1094 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090560310477672 Corporate brands may develop co-branding relationships in order to redefine brand identity. Brands are not only used to identify and differentiate

Schedule Free Essays

Brian Tran Dr. U. Lynn Jones GOVT 2302 – S11 November 8, 2012 Court Observation Paper For my court observation, I was able to sit in a Texas State District Court. We will write a custom essay sample on Schedule or any similar topic only for you Order Now The judge of the court I observed was Honorable Judge Etta J. Mullin. Everything was pretty much what I expected to see. I wasn’t expecting anything outrageous to happen like on the television. I was expecting everything to be very professional and very boring, like watching the C-SPAN channel. The walls were a dull brown color and most of the furniture was wooden. The Judge sat on a little stand and next to the stand was a seat where people would go to present evidence or tell stories under oath. On the Judge’s right side, there were two rows of seats that the Jury would sit in. There were police officer standing in the room and people sitting down in the audience like me. I couldn’t tell if they were just spectators in the audience, or family/friends of the people on trial. When I first entered the courtroom, I walked in the middle of a court case. Most of the court cases were pretty straight forward. People pleaded guilty and the Judge moved on to the next case. The most interesting case was an assault because it was assault. The defendant of this case also pleaded guilty, but afterwards the Judge talked with the lawyer to discuss what sort of punishment or jail time he should receive. Because there were three counts of assault, the defendant was fined $40,000 and 3 years of community service. I thought it seemed fairly reasonable since the one of the victims suffered injuries such as skull fractures. I, however don’t think that I am experienced enough to know what is considered a good punishment for a crime. Other cases were simple things, like people being caught with possession of marijuana. The penalty for that is a small fine. That reminded me of a time when a guy I knew was caught in possession of marijuana on his was to Waco. He was kept in a holding cell and I had to drive to Waxahachie to help my friend pay for his bail. Personally, I have never done any illegal substances, and I believe that it is wrong even when Colorado and Washington had recently made it legal in those states. The experience was new and fresh, but I don’t think I’d ever go back and watch a court case for fun. I can see how the trial could be interesting, but I was fairly bored by the end of my two hours. It wasn’t as gripping as an episode of Law and Order. A more memorable event that happened while I was at the court house was that one of the people that worked the (in a family court setting) told me a story about this one family. There were 2 siblings, a brother and a sister, and they were trying to get away with taking their Grandmother’s social security check. To do this, the siblings had morphine patches that they would stick on to her spine to make her appear senile. But one day the Grandmother’s friend came over and took her to meet up with the people that worked in the building and everything was good. How to cite Schedule, Papers

UK Airports in Bad Weather

It is obvious that winter is one of the most problematic seasons for different companies connected with transport. Transportation is one of the parts most interested in the absence of snow and ice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on UK Airports in Bad Weather specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Looking at the situation in the airports it should be stated that there are many cases when the flights are cancelled because of the bad weather, but it is twice irritating when the flights are cancelled because the airports failed to conduct their direct responsibilities and clean the snow. The UK airports have appeared in the complicated situations as they are to consider the best ways for dealing with snow in order to avoid the situations which happened this year. This paper is devoted to the discussion of the problems which have appeared in the UK airports connected with snow and the ways how these problems may be solved. Co nsidering the situation which has appeared, it is important to check the facts. The cleaning systems in UK and in Europe differ greatly. Thus, â€Å"in Germany, no airport had to shut even though Munich saw temperatures plunge to -27C. In Stockholm only six of 350 flights were cancelled. Copenhagen had four inches of snow but no disruption† (Adams, Hough, Bowater 2012, n.p.), at the same time we can see that â€Å"by Saturday afternoon BAA had already cancelled a third of flights nine hours before any snow had fallen in a pre-emptive plan to avoid the chaos of previous winters† (Adams, Hough, Bowater 2012n.p.). The main reason why the UK airports are closed are the lack of machines which are to deal with the problem. The consequences of the cancelled flights cannot be even predicted as the number of the business negotiations and deals which could be failed because of the inappropriate actions of the airport managers and the government cannot be calculated. Additional ly, many people had to change their plans, refuse from journeys, etc. Thus, the importance of the clean airports and the guarantee of the ability of the UK government to impose this responsibility of the airports should be referred to.Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The discussion of the punishment the UK airports should be referred to as it may be one of the main reasons for making those deal with the problem seriously. The punishment is to be provided in order to make sure that the airport governments have made all necessary in order to avoid the problems which have already happened. In 2010 BA cancelled 2,000 flights only for 6 days which is an enormous number. Heathrow airport was closed until the period of snow and ice was over (BBC News 2011). It is reported that the UK military organizations offered their services however, the airports refused as they did not expect so much sno w (Milmo Jones 2010). However, the situation could be much better and the number of the airports which cancelled or delayed the flights might be smaller if the military services were accepted. The number or military vehicles could improve the situation and to make sure that the snow is cleaned. These services should be taken into account for the future cases if the same bad weather is predicted. There is no need to remind about the potential and the transport the military services can offer along with the working power, the employees which may be involved while extreme situations. Snow ploughs on the tarmac in the UK airports are working constantly after the snow. Additional problems are created with the replacement of the aircrafts in order to meet the new schedule (Daily Mail Reporter 2010). Thus, this is one of the most spread ways for dealing with the show, the snow ploughs. One of the main problem the UK is facing in this case and the issue which is to be solved in the number of these snow ploughs. Remembering the situation in 2010 when the UK airports were closed and the winter of 2012 when many flights were delayed, it becomes obvious that he number of snow ploughs does not correspond to the necessary needs of the country. Thus, the problem could be avoided in case the companies paid more attention to it. It should be reminded that the number of such situations may increase as in the light of the global warming the show is going to become the normal issue. Thus, the UK airports should do much to increase the number of snow ploughs and their appropriate functioning during severe winters.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on UK Airports in Bad Weather specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though Milmo and Jones (2010) report about the â€Å"multimillion-pound investment in snow ploughs, de-icing equipment and salt stocks† (n.p.), the situation still remains catastrophic. Additional ly, Mail Online reports about salt storage the UK airports managed to do (Mail Online 2010). Still, the cases of the airport closure while winter increases and the number of delays is not reduced. Of course, there is nu such a catastrophe with the delays which occurred in winter 2010, still, the cases of the flights cancelation should bother. The UK airports should get ready for severe winters, much snow and the desire to improve the situation. Here are a number of ways which may be used while severe winters. Of course, snow plows, sweepers, and snow blowers are the most spread instruments while snowfalls, however, it is important to use those appropriately (Reuters 2010). The appropriate strategy, the developed rules and policies which are to be followed while the extreme situations is one of the guarantees of the success. Additionally, good planning and the ability to predict the disaster may be considered as the half of the future success. Recommending the UK airports to avoid pr oblems during bad weather, it should be remembered that while sunny summer days the cars and other vehicles usually leave smaller gaps and as a result the smaller safety margin between them and the vehicle in front. However, the snowy winters presuppose the increase of the gap (International Airport Review 2010). The same should happen in the airports. The schedules should be changed and organized in such a way that the aircrafts’ departure time should be separated with the longer time period. The slower speed should be applied to as the surface even on the carefully cleaned and prepared tarmac may cause problems in winter while low temperatures. These simple measures may increase the safely of the passengers of the plain and prevent the dangerous incidents (BBC News 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Those who believe that the safety of the traffic in the airport depends on the condition of the tarmac are mistaken as the pilot is the person who â€Å"needs bigger safety margins if visibility is lower than normal† (BBC News 2010, n.p.). Thus, this is the pilot who analyzes the situation, considered the level of danger, chooses the speed and does all possible to prevent the catastrophe. The airports should just offer top quality technical opportunities, that is all. Thus, the responsibility on the safety is laid on the pilot. Isn’t it the reasons to make up the courses or additional training for pilots with the purposes to improve their knowledge and skills in behaving while extreme situations connected with bad weather? The use of the precautionary anti-icing chemicals for de-icing is crucial for dealing with high temperatures. However, David Learmount points at the refusal to use salt as the de-icing procedure, â€Å"Salt is corrosive to bare aluminium [which is o ften found on planes]. Instead, less corrosive chemicals like urea are used in the de-icing† (BBC News 2010, n.p.). David Learmount does not point at the particular chemicals which are used, however, it is possible to predict that these chemicals are more expensive that creates additional complications when too snowy winters take place. Therefore, it may be concluded that e storages of salt should be made along with the storage and use of chemicals. Too snowy winters appear to be too expensive if only specific chemicals are used. The application to less expensive salt may be a good way out for the UK airports. The next aspect which should be considered as the helpful and inevitable item while handling with bad weather and particularly snow at the airports is the staff. One should understand that staff is crucial. Highly trained and appropriately informed staff is able to cope with the task better and faster. The number of people, adequately trained people, should not exceed th e number of positions and the amount of responsibilities which are to be met. The professional approach to the staff organization, direction and sharing the responsibilities may reduce the time necessary for cleaning the territory of the airport to minimum. Considering the mistakes of the previous years, the UK airports should remember about the levels of disruption which depends in most cases of the way how busy the airport is. In other words, the more popular airport, the greater number of passengers comes there each time, the more difficult to make sure that everything is followed, all the requirements are met, etc. For example, â€Å"in an airport like Heathrow – much busier than Stockholm-Arlanda – which can often be operating at 98% of capacity, small amounts of disruption can cause rafts of cancellations† (BBC News 2010, n.p.). The effect on the flights cancellation in the bigger airports is more noticed, therefore, it is important to make sure that the b iggest airports of the county are properly cleaned. However, looking at the situation from the perspective of the workers, it is obvious that the airport cannot be cleaned from snow when planes are landing and taking off. To make sure that the cleaning vehicles are working appropriately the airports should try to change their schedules and delay some of the flights to the smaller airports to make the schedule in the bigger ones freer (Paurus 2012). Looking at the situation, the heated runways should be used as the most innovative way in combating with snow. This technique will reduce the number of the cleaning machines in the airport and the number of the staff who deal with the problem. However, it should be mentioned that this innovative strategy requires too much investments and financing. The change of the whole runways is too costly. Additionally, the airport is to be closed for the time until the work is done. It seems unreal even for the biggest airports which income in much higher than the income of the smaller ones (BBC News 2010). Thus, the inability of the big airports to deal with the problem brings the smaller ones in the same row as they do not have big investors who may finance the project. The creation of a new airport with the implementation of the new innovative system devoted to melting the snow on the runway is one of the ways out. The UK airports should consider the experience of other airports. Thus, the Helsinki Finland airport reports about the easy way out of the situation. The airport has three runways, and in case of snow, one is closed and others are working, when this first is cleaned, the closed one is changed. During the heavy shows, two airports may be closed, depending on the level of slow on the runway. The possession of the top quality equipment and other specific items which are necessary for successful cleaning of the closed runway is obligatory (All Voices 2010). Many Europe airports refer to this particular way of handlin g with snow as it allows to avoid the airport closure and the flights cancellation. It is important to understand that the UK is able to create two or even three additional runways and make sure that he problems of 2010 and 2011 will never repeat anymore. Thus, it should be concluded that the UK airports have faced a number of problems connected with bad weather. The snowy winters have created many complications to the airports and the passengers who used those airports. To make sure that the same problem is not going to repeat anymore, the UK airports should search for the way to handle with severe winters. One of the main and the most spread ways to cope with show at the runways is to use various ploughing, sweeping, and blowing machines (Bowater 2012). This equipment helps to cope with the show. The staff should be appropriately trained and prepared. The use of salt and other chemical substances are helpful in battling with high temperatures. However, it is important to remember that using these methods the UK airports are going to succeed, however, they are to search for more appropriate ways to deal with show and ice. The innovative warm runways are really effective, however, the price of the implementation of such technology is enormous. Another piece of advice offered by the Europe airports is the use of three and more runways. When the snow begins to prevent an appropriate flight of the aircrafts, one or two lines should be closed for cleaning and opened again while one or two lines should be colder for cleaning. The change of the opened and closed runways may help avoid the problem of snow at the runways and flights delay and cancellation. The UK manages to deal with the snow successfully, however, there are some better ways they are to apply to. Reference List Adams, S, Hough, A Bowater, D 2012, ‘Britain faces a month of weather chaos as snow wrecks travel plans’, The Telegraph, 6 February, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9062958 /Britain-faces-a-month-of-weather-chaos-as-snow-wrecks-travel-plans.html. All Voices 2010, ‘Helsinki Finland: Airport shows how to deal with snow and ice’, 20 December, http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/7675173-helsinki-finland-airport-shows-how-to-deal-with-snow-and-ice. BBC News 2010, ‘How are airports kept open in cold weather?’, 20 December, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12039443. BBC News 2011, ‘Should airports be fined for bad weather disruptions?’, 26 December, http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/haveyoursay/2010/12/should_airports_be_fined_for_b.html. Bowater, D 2012, ‘Weather forecast: Britain braced for month of snow, ice and freezing temperature’, The Telegraph, 06 February, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/9063380/Weather-forecast-Britain-braced-for-month-of-snow-ice-and-freezing-temperatures.html. Daily Mail Reporter 2010, ‘Latest travel advice: Heathrow airport closes Terminals 1 and 3 and warns pas sengers to stay away’, 20 December, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1340251/UK-weather-latest-travel-advice-Heathrow-airport-closes-Terminals-1-3.html. International Airport Review 2010, ‘Ready for the big freeze’, 7 February, p. 12. Mail Online 2010, ‘UK weather and snow update: Latest travel advice as the big freeze is set to stay’, 8 January, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1241609/UK-weather-snow-update-Latest-travel-advice-big-freeze-set-stay.html. Milmo, D Jones, S 2010, ‘UK snow chaos: some make it home, but thousands still stranded’, The Guardian, 22 December, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/dec/21/uk-snow-chaos-heathrow-weather. Paurus, J 2012, ‘Technology vs the elements’, 28 March, International Airport Review, p. 37. Reuters 2010, ‘Snow causes pre-Christmas travel chaos in Europe 2010’, 18 December, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/18/uk-weather-europe-idUSLNE6BH002201012 18. Squires, N 2012, ‘Europe deep freeze reaches North Africa as it claims more than 300 lives’, The Telegraph, 06 February, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/9063284/Europe-deep-freeze-reaches-North-Africa-as-it-claims-more-than-300-lives.html. This essay on UK Airports in Bad Weather was written and submitted by user Jamal Guerra to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

revolutions essays

revolutions essays Revolutions can take many different forms. A revolution is a fundamental change in a political, economical, social, or religious organization. A political revolution is an overthrow of government, often sudden or violent. An example of a political revolution is the American Revolution. "The American Revolution led to the birth of a new nation." (The World Book Encyclopedia, p. 210) Before this revolution, Americans had grown to use a large measure of self-government. Americans strongly resisted the new laws passed by Great Britain, especially tax laws. "The British government was slow to think of the Americans as a political unit. As the British began making new laws, the colonists revolted." (Merit Students Encyclopedia, p. 576) Another example of a political revolution is the French Revolution. "This revolution began with a government financial crisis, but quickly became a movement of reform and violent change."(The World Book Encyclopedia, p. 524) "After the French Revolution, the old system of government was overthrown."(Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia 1996) The new government brought many changes. France adopted the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen". All Frenchmen were declared equal and free before the law. Public office and taxation was based on the ability to pay. In addition, the French Revolution inspired people in other parts of Europe to modernize their own countries. An economic revolution is a drastic change in the production, distribution, and consumption of certain products, usually caused by new technology. One such revolution is the Boston Tea Party. "In the Boston Tea Party, Americans were protesting against taxation without representation and the perceived monopoly of the East India Company." (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia 1996) "The British Parliament placed import taxes on several items imported to America. The British passed the Tea Act to help get the East India Company out ...

Talk About Geologic Time in Ma or Myr

Talk About Geologic Time in Ma or Myr Geologists have a bit of awkwardness in their language in talking about the deep past: distinguishing dates in the past from durations  or ages. Ordinary people dont have a problem with the weirdness of historical time- in 2017; we can easily say that an event in B.C.E. 200 happened 2216 years ago,  and that an object made back then is 2216 years old today. (Remember, there was no year 0.) But geologists have a need to separate out the two types of time with different abbreviations or symbols, and there is a debate about establishing a standard way of expressing it. A widespread practice has arisen in the last few decades that gives dates (not ages) in the format X Ma (x million years ago); for example, rocks that formed 5 million years ago are said to date from 5 Ma. 5 Ma is a point in time that is 5 million years from the present. And instead of saying that a rock is 5 Ma old, geologists use a different abbreviation, such as m.y., mya, myr, or Myr (all of which stand for millions of years, in reference to age or duration). This is a little awkward, but the  context makes things clear. Agreeing on a Definition for Ma Some scientists see no need for two different symbols or abbreviations, as something formed 5 million years before the present would indeed be 5 million years old. They are in favor of one system or set of symbols for all sciences, from geology and chemistry to astrophysics and nuclear physics. They wish to use Ma for both, which has caused some concern from geologists, who want to make the distinction and view it as unnecessarily confusing going forward to have Ma apply to both. Recently the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) convened a task force to decide on an official definition of the year to go into the Systà ¨me International or SI, the metric system. The exact definition isnt important here, but the symbol they chose, a, (for the Latin annus, which translates to year) would override geological custom by requiring everyone to use Ma for millions of years ago, ka for thousands of years ago, and Ga for billions of years ago, etc. everywhere. That would make writing geology papers somewhat harder, but we could adjust. But Nicholas Christie-Blick of Columbia University has looked more deeply at the proposal and cried foul in GSA Today. He raised an important question: How can SI accommodate the year as a derived unit when SI rules require that these must be simple powers of base units? The metric system is for physical quantities and measurable distances, not time: points in time are not units. Theres no room in the rules for a derived unit called the year, which would be defined as 31,556,925.445 s. Derived units are things like the gram (10 -3 kg). If this were a legal dispute, Christie-Blick would be arguing that the year has no standing. Start over, he says, and get buy-in from geologists.

How we determine if a portable air cleaner is effective Research Paper

How we determine if a portable air cleaner is effective - Research Paper Example The use of air purifiers assists to eliminate these components, thus helping to relieve respiratory symptoms. These components are harmful to human health, especially for people who suffer from asthma or allergic to the common allergen particles. Air cleaners eliminate about 98 percent of harmful particles in the air. Portable air cleaners that are slow to remove contaminants in the air are considered as extremely ineffective. The electrostatic precipitators removed ozone which aggravated the asthma attacks. On the other hand, portable air purifiers are perceived to be effective if they eliminate all the harmful air particles to create a high indoor air quality. The paper establishes that a portable air cleaner is effective if the air it cleans does not affect a patient with allergic respiratory diseases to common particle allergens, such as, pollen, dander, dust, and mold. This means that the equipment can ensure good air quality. Indoor air pollution is among the top five environmental health risks. Control of air quality is crucial for various reasons including the control of moisture damage, and to ensure proper health of the occupant. Most people purchase air purifiers in order to ease allergies or asthma. The practice cleaning air using portable devices started in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The World Health Organisation has set out standards of air conditioning to ensure to that indoor air quality is maintained. The air pollutants are mainly classified into four categories including particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. There is evidence that ozone and particulate matter pose health risks to humans. Therefore, humans need to stay away from these compounds. Removing the sources of pollution is more effective in contrast to cleaning the already polluted air. Portable air cleaners are tasked with ensuring that air is free from contaminants. In this

Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Australia - Essay Example They were thought to have arrived here from the South East Asia during the last ice age. The belief is that the aboriginals numbered at least one million and scatter across 300 clans with at least 250 languages and 700 dialects between them. Due to the relatively dry environment of the country, the aboriginals were forced to become nomadic tribes traveling on a quest of trade, finding water, and food. Australia was founded in unforgiving territory. Stemming from the outback desserts, tropical rain forests, and snow capped mountains, the early aboriginals believe in the myth that the totemic spirits ancestors are all connected to nature, the past, present, and future (â€Å"Australias History†). This was the state of Australia before the British colonized the land for their own means. It was Captain James Cook who in the 17th century chartered the east coast in the name of Britain. When he first landed on Australian soil, the continent was recognized by most sailors as New Holland. Britain was more than happy to claim the land because its location made it perfect to use as a penal colony. As a new outpost, the penal colony came into being on January 26 1788 with the first British inhabitants alighting in Australia. A fleet of 11 ships carried 1.500 people with more than half of them being convicts. By 1868 it is believed that at least 160,000 men and women had settled in Australia as convicts being punished or banished by Britain. Of course life was different for the free settlers who came in during the 1790s. The convicts were constant under threat of losing their lives in the harsh conditions and even harsher treatment from the officers of the colony. Suffering alongside the convicts were the aboriginals who were displaced, their lands, stolen, and their tradit ional lifestyle and practices no longer fitting into the new world of Australia as

Analysis of Marks and Spencers Marketing Mix Executive Summary

Analysis of Marks and Spencers Marketing Mix Executive Summary Marks Spencer is one of the most renowned and oldest retailers of Britain. It was found in 1894 through the partnership of Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer. The first store was opened in Manchester and the company was based on primary values emphasizing on high quality, value for money, service, innovation, and trust. Due to these corollaries, the organization experienced a great success which led to national and global expansions. Today, it is one of the largest clothing retailers with 895 stores in more than 40 countries around the world. Its also listed on the London stock Exchange and FTSE 100 index. The companys current main products include clothing range, home ware and food products with a supply chain of more than 2000 suppliers globally. Nevertheless, the company started facing problems due to the various reasons such as outdated fashion products that were not on par with the fashion trends. This was primarily due to the fact that it lost focus on their central business by introducing a wide range of products that were not compatible with their core competencies. This led rivals to steal the market share. In order to tackle these issues MS decided to move into the Chinese market where they saw better and wider opportunities. Why Chinese market? China is the worlds third largest economy (behind the USA and Japan in US$ terms) and the country has the largest population of 1.3 billion (in 2008) making it one of the fastest growing economies. When the recession hit the worlds economy and the leading retail markets like US and Europe the companies were looking for opportunities to expand and diversify the risk. China was one of these markets that were not affected by the economic downturn. In 2009 its retail sales hit  ¥12.5 trillion ($1.8 trillion), an increase of 15.5% from the previous year. This was due to the continuous rise in the same year of the per capita disposable income which amounted to  ¥17,175 ($2,515). http://chinabusinessreview.net/public/1005/lu.html In 2008, MS opened its flagship store in Nanjing Road, Shanghai. However, the outcome of this venture was not as successful as expected due to several problems ranging from product incompatibilities to superstitious beliefs. The first section of the paper highlights the current financial performance of the company. This is followed by an exploration of the problematic marketing mix that contributed to the failure of the firm in China. After which, recommendations will be provided for MS to use as a turn around strategy. othman Financial highlights: The financial and trading performance is the measurement of the results of a firms policies and operations in monetary terms. These results are reflected in the firms return on investment, debt to equity ratio and many other ratios (Dictionary, 2010). A ratio is one value divided by another. The result is representative of the value of one quantity in term of another (Ross, Westerfield, Jordan, 2006). During this section the light will be put on the financial aspect of Marks and Spencers business to assess whether its financial situation is adequate or if there is any loopholes that the company might have to consider in the future. For a matter of better understanding, the financial key performance indicators will be compared to TESCOs ratios. Income: From these figures, it can be seen that Marks and Spencer has be gradually increasing its net revenues. However, even if they increased, its net income and earnings per share decreased. This can be explained by the investments that have been carried out by the company to realize its internationalization strategy. Not all of these investments have been successful as some did not succeed like in France for instance where the company decided to close all its stores and exit the market. Indeed, they abandoned their opportunity to expand in France but the cost to exist was relatively expensive mainly because of the labor force protection by the French Government (Global Oneness, 2010). Revenue by region: Stock performance: Ratios: In short term solvency, it can be said that the company is managing normally its activities in an inefficient way. Indeed, if it was to pay its short term debt immediately, the company would just be able to cover around 80% of them. If Tesco is taken as an example, its current ratio is 345% (Yahoo Finance, 2010) which means that Tesco is more secure financially than Marks and Spencer. Thus, investors would be willing to invest more in Tesco. This situation also spread bad image for the company in its financial circle which can have the effect of reducing the investing power of the company. Regarding the long term situation, the level of Asset-to-equity and Debt-to-equity ratios show that the company have a large part of its assets financed by Debt. Consequently, it highlights a high level of financial leverage, approximately 64%; which is supported more by the debt ratio. Problematic areas of Business: nafisa Marketing mix Porduct: Clothing It is crucial in fashion industry to get the product right. In the past decade, MS had downturns of business and brand image related to its apparel getting old fashioned. Although analysts say they have recovered, they seem repeating product mistakes in Chinese market as well. Experts in fashion, have identified key issues that may lead a fashion product to fail. According to Jackson and Shaw (2009), here are the common reasons why fashion products fail: poor or outdated design; poor sizing or fit; unfashionable or irrelevant styles/prints/colours; poor positioning or in-store presentation; poor value or uncompetitive price; poor or non-existent consumer awareness of the product and/or its availability; hyper strong competitive offers elsewhere. Researches and analyses on the MS expansion to Chinese market indicate that all above points were relevant to their products. 4.1.2 Sizing Each clothing retail brand has its basic pattern block that probably has been made after studying target groups measurements and taking the average from that. Marks Spencers typical apparel customer is a woman after 40s who prefers comfortable fit and quality. This has affected MS fashion and sizing as well. Customers complain MS clothes and underwear are larger compared to the same sized item from another shops. In mass production of several thousands of pieces of garments, shrinking the measurement in to unnoticeable 1 cm may make noticeable reduction in cost. Therefore fashion is created according to feasibility, cost effectiveness of the designs and it is influencing the way clothes fit and the sizing as well. The reason why MS clothes seem greater compared to cheaper rivals is actually can be explained by the philosophy of not compromising on quality. Average size in Chinese apparel industry is smaller than European size in every dimensions. It is shorter; sleeves are 2 inches shorter, sizes up to 16-18. In Europe it is up to 26. When a fashion retailer enters a new market, it is important to research consumers sizes, body structure, and culture. Because these things influence peoples fashion tastes and clothing culture. Style and Fashion: In the Chinese market, MS offering large size garments that pleased expatriates who struggle to find their size in shops, which target average Chinese women. However, Chinese customers showed very low interest, as the clothes are too big and too simple. MS is a department store that tries to meet the needs of all age groups with different needs. Where as competitors try to focus on one segment and one fashion concept and therefore perform effectively. The brands failure of drawing young Chinese peoples attention could be due the failure of Everything for all positioning in general. Fast fashion requires the retailer to focus on certain, preferable well-specified segment (like Zaras, classy chic over 20s). May be it is time for MS to give in-house brands independence and expose number of different brands, keeping MS just a store name. Diversified products result in bigger and slower supply chain. Because competitors are adopting efficient and quick product turnover, smaller and faster batches, MS clothes, when arrived to stores cannot stand the competition. Costumers find them out of fashion. Brand value is a key for success in fashion industry. Fast moving, better-positioned and low price competitors are jeopardizing brand value of once famous clothing retailer with heritage. Celebrating its 125 birthday, MS resembles older generation fashion and in store brands and young celebrities used as brand ambassadors not helping to attract 20-25 year olds although they are helping to retain more customers whod switch to competitors otherwise. According to research by Datamonitor, more than 75% of shoppers in the food halls of MS, are over 45. In the fashion department the problem is worse: 65% of its main clothing shoppers were aged over 55, as were those who accounted for 48% of spending on MS clothing last year. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/22/bolland-marks-spencer-problems ) hassan Food: Limited range and Long life food products: Marks and Spencer has been criticized by its Chinese customers that the food products in shelves were produced a long time ago from the date of purchase. So there is only a small portion of fresh products and also the range and variety is limited. Majority of products are approaching towards expiry date. The food items contain preservatives that effect taste of products. Further research shows that a large amount of products were destroyed due to expiry, spoilage and bad conditions. Almost all products are made in UK so this leads to customers perception of Marks Spencer as a British store. Research shows that the main reason for above mentioned problems is that Marks and Spencer imports its products from UK. It takes a significant time in shipment of goods from UK to China due to enlarged supply chain cycle involved. A portion of products is deteriorated due to inefficiencies in handling, storing and transportation procedures. Branding issue Marks and Spencer brands all its products under its trade name MS. this brand name appear strange to Chinese people and they have translated it into a Chinese term. Also this brand name has no direct linkage with products. This is due to company policy towards branding and trends in UK market as much of retailers such as Tesco brands their products under their trade name. 4.2.3 Packaging issue: Marks Spencer customers are finding product packs confusing and misleading. Research reveals a customer complains that he bought a packet assuming it to be biscuits but when he opened it were snacks. The above problem is a result of standardized strategy towards packaging and labeling. The labeling lacks Chinese description and also rich in text and without product images. othman Marketing Mix Price: When setting the price of a product, the company must understand perfectly its cost and the customer value perception for the product (Armstrong, Harker, Kotler, Brennan, 2009). Marks and Spencer did surely understand these points when operating in UK and in other successful countries but not when it came to China as the company failed to set the price correctly. Normally, the price the company charges will fall somewhere between one that is too high to produce any demand and one that is too low to generate any revenue (Armstrong, Harker, Kotler, Brennan, 2009). These are the extremes and Marks and Spencer leaned far too much to the high price end. As a result, the company found it very hard to sell its product and generate profit for a viable business in China. One example would be the cashmere scarves that Marks and Spencer was selling or pretending to sell, as no one bought them, at  £50 where it was possible to get them for far less at nearby stores (Moore, 2009). However, in some cases the prices of products were convenient but the customers still did not buy them. The reason is primarily that Marks and Spencer did come late. Indeed, Wal-Mart and Carrefour were there before and had more than enough time to impose their respective brands and enjoy the lions part (Crabbe, 2010). Marketing Mix Place: When entering a new market, one of the crucial decision that a company has to make is choosing the right location to open in. indeed, the location is one of the key factors to a business success firstly due to of being the least flexible of the strategic retailing issues and secondly, because the location set the geographical boundaries of the trading area from which the store draws its customers (William Ferrell, 2010). As a result, in the following paragraph will discuss the problems related to the Marks and Spencer stores in China. Marks and Spencer has opened since 2008 two stores in China, one in Huaihai Road in Shanghai, the equivalent of Londons Oxford Street (City Focus, 2010). And the other one is in Yuyuan Garden, Shanghai major attraction and commercial hub (City in pulse, 2010). These stored, especially the first one, has suffered poor trading in the last months. This was due to many factors but the discussion will only focus on location related issues. The first issue concerning the location was the first store opened. Marks and Spencer had chosen one of the most popular streets in Shanghai because it wanted to show its brand reputation and refined stores. But at the same time, the company wanted to expand quickly and as a result the store was not ready to welcome the new Chinese customers. Indeed the walls were scuffed and the paint job was poor (Moore, 2009). As the old adage confirm, the first impression is the last impression and by failing to make a good one in the Grand opening of its first store, Marks and Spencer condemned itself of having a bad image in China. The second issue was that the company underestimated the differences in operating in China and Hong Kong, therefore using the same strategy to find the store location in China. Indeed, Sir Stuart Rose admitted to the Financial Times during his visit to the Shanghai store that Marks and Spencer did misunderstood the Chinese mainland market, assuming that its experience in Hong Kong could be directly transferred to this market (News, 2009). vaishali Marketing Mix Promotion: Brand awareness: One of the major problems with Marks and Spencers (MS) venture into China is the fact that many local people were not aware of the brand. In fact, one of the articles regarding MS in China talks about local men saying weve never heard of this company. Many female shoppers also claimed to be unfamiliar with the brand. Although it is a well-known British company with many outlets overseas, it is fairly unknown amongst Chinas local public. This means that there is a lack of brand awareness and advertising as the locals do not have much knowledge of its history. As a result of this, many customers would not be instantly drawn to it as they do not recognize it. Lack of familiarity discourages people to enter the stores which will inherently affect sales. Other issues: teja Supply chain: Global supply chain management is an important area for MS in its expansion to China. Global supply chain management involves the companys worldwide interests. In Chinas expansion it is noticeable that the supply chain related issues are based on the following areas. Timing Proper timing in approaching a market gives advantages for a company. For example first movers in a market always have advantages in gaining profits. Chinas retail industry has grown rapidly during the recent history. The move of MS to China was taken during the recession. Even though China was less affected by recession due to its closed financial system, the worldwide demand for Chinese exports were decreasing. It was a time when cash strapped consumers were moving away from expensive ready cooked meals and thinking about buying the cheaper substitutes instead of the expensive. Luxury ready prepared meal that is the mainstay of Marks and Spencers offering. Marks and Spencer dont have enough flexibility to move  their offerings at the time of Moving to China.   The result is loss of customers to competitors and it will become difficult to recover them when economic times get better. Institutional Factors Product controls, government regulations, tariffs affects supply chains. When MS initially started the business in China the company had lots of difficulties in getting products into the country. Chinese custom officials blocked MS goods. This situation created empty shelves in the food department of the store. (http://www.jddchina.com, 2010) Corruption and government bureaucracy remain a major issue in China. Business activities and financial related activities can take a lot more time than comparing with UK and the administration costs remain extremely high. The higher amount of control in the economy by the government creates policy uncertainty. This uncertainty exists as a major challenge for businesses operating in China. Integration According to the experience of successful international businesses in China such as Sara, HM and Tesco, it is necessary to take a long view in China. Existing products should not be transplanted into Chinese markets without making them localized. In the localization process it is necessary to have a proper integration with the local talents that can create better customer links. Nilesh Superstitious beliefs: Although China is one of the big and a great country in all the aspects of the world but still they have lots of superstitious beliefs. Marks and Spencer in china has suffered from these kinds of beliefs. China has a main impact of Feng Shui. Feng Shui is widely used to orient buildings. According to the retail competitors of Marks Spencer the main store is at a cursed location of the city. This superstitious gossip was because just at the four days of opening of the Chinas main MS store there was a death of one of the man named Harshit Shah. He got killed accidently while leaning over the side of escalator (The Telegraph, 2010). As MS is in China we cant neglect these things that could have been one of the reasons of the failure for Marks Spencer in China. Most of the Chinese people have some traditional beliefs about the numbers. They consider no. 4 is associated with the death so most of the times they dont even buy products that price starting or ending by number 4. They consider number 8 for prosperity and good luck. They also skip the 4th floor in many of the buildings. Different styles forms of the Feng Shui are often used to block or reduce the negative energies that occur. According to some believers of the Feng Shui the structure of the Marks Spencers store was wrong and that led think of superstitions as one of the problems for MS in China. Recommendations: nafisa Marketing Mix Product: Clothing Researches show Chinese consumers are not familiar with MS brand. This gives an opportunity of positioning the brand differently than it is positioned in home country. The construction of store image, comprising both tangible and intangible dimensions, compounds problems of moving into international markets as consumers in the host environment are less familiar with the intangible dimensions of image, which have been built up over time with exposure to the retail company. Retail companies therefore need to fully understand the importance of image in competitive positioning and the components of store image before attempting to replicate this image and positioning overseas. Repositioning the brand can give a chance to reach the desired customer, 25-35 year old Chinese consumer with higher disposable income. With current strategy MS cannot be as successful in china as in the UK. Because older generation in China do not have high disposable income unlike their European peers. BCG researches indicated that Chinese consumer is very young. Although fashion has become global already, it still needs localization when entering a new market. Jessica Lo, of the China Market Research Group warns that western brands should not bank on Chinese consumers directly paralleling European and American shoppers when it comes to taste and aesthetic appetites. Many western companies forget to localise both their styles as well as advertising. They use celebrities and images that work in the UK and Europe, but that dont resonate with Chinese consumers. It is critical that companies get the right product selection and style and advertising image. (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6objectid=10650170 ) Marks Spencer can increase its Petite range products and bring it to Chinese market with different, localized brand. When petite sizes are average, its better to replace the name, because it may sound offensive rather than just size attribute. It is recommended that MS researches fashion preferences, consumer behaviour of Chinese people and then create an in-house brand customized for Chinese market. Similar brand should be created for menswear as well. hassan Food: Limited range and long life products: Chinese people are very conscious about their food selection because they link it directly to their good health and long life. So we recommend the following actions to be taken and implemented. Marks and Spencer should develop local production facilities so that products are produced and processed in china than importing from UK. So as a result people will get fresh products at best taste. This will also change its image from a British retailer to a local manufacturer. Develop methods and improve conditions so the preservatives are not added in the products. This can be achieved by improving packaging, storage conditions and efficient supply chain and product replacement cycle. Re-engineer the import process so the inefficiencies in handling, packaging, storing and transportation are removed to ensure minimum wastage. The freshness and pureness (no preservatives) features will be used for promotion of products as it is a successful practice now days used by high profile food manufacturers. The company executives can perceive local production as a costly operation when comparing to demand but it will increase demand in long term by bettering product image. We can also export our made in china products to other near locations like India and other markets. It will also lower the cost and will drive prices in a competitive range. Packaging: The packaging is a core area of concern as it acts in a multiple way by communicating product information and brand character. It is the first point of contact of product with customer so it should be attractive in terms of design and colour. The Chinese link longness to long life so package should be designed in long shapes and the colour are also important. As they will be attracted towards red packs which is a symbol of prosperity and avoid using black colour as it is for bad luck.( http://chinasearch.co.uk/buy/marks-and-spencer/) Package should be functional and clear so it shows the true picture and nature of product. It should be convenient for Chinese people to open as they avoid cutting things with scissors and knives. Package should be well labeled about product, brand and all relevant information. Marks and spencer should label products using a bilingual approach. Using both Chinese language and English so it will be useful for customers to read all information they need. The label can be made more attractive and functional by adding Chinese recipes. othman Marketing Mix Price: To make the prices of products more affordable and competitive, one solution would be that Marks and Spencer improves its supply chain to reduce cost: First, by exploiting the technology in its stores by introducing hand held communicators to track clothes from the distribution to the sales floor which helps to know exactly what is in the stores. The result would be a more efficient and cost effective delivery system Second, by introducing a technology that consists of counting the number of items sold by kind automatically when the transaction is handled; For clothes especially to know what items are better sold and what are the ones that have to be removed. Another suggestion would be to carry out a consumer shopping experience research to know what kind of design Chinese prefer, and what products should go together in order to get rid of unwanted products and consequently reducing the cost of unsold goods The last but not least is to make enough space between clothes and food so that the stores looks more attractive thus reducing the concern about price. Marketing Mix Place: As it was said at the beginning, the location is the less flexible asset. Consequently the suggested solution will focus more on upcoming stores. The ideal location for these future stores would be places that people can access more easily, also MS should think about starting to open small stores to catch also the low volume buyers as this type of potential customers are willing to become loyal clients but are not going to waste time in a supermarket just to buy few items. For future stores, Marks and Spencer should evaluate the relative ease if movement to and from the site, including factors such as pedestrian and vehicular traffic, parking and transportation (William Ferrell, 2010). The company should also evaluate the characteristics if the site itself: types of stores in the area and the visibility of the lot under consideration (William Ferrell, 2010). One last thing to do is to look for compatibility with neighboring stores merely because stores that complement one another d raw more customers for everyone (William Ferrell, 2010). vaishali Marketing Mix Promotion: Re-branding and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Due to the fact that the company has been battling with bad press and negative public views due to several reasons such as offering products that do not cater the needs of the market, lack of products, providing wrong sizes and superstitions due to the occurrence of a death during the opening week, MS needs to re-brand itself in order to move away from the negative connotations, erase the past image and start afresh. This can be done by changing the store look and layout. It should have colours and products that exude vibrancy and freshness. The MS logo should be re-designed in order to bring a sense of novelty. The focal signboard outside the store should grab attention and be vibrant. It can be designed with neon lights and a different shade of green, together with black in order to make it look noticeable. The window displays should also be creatively designed with mannequins dressed up in vibrant colours and innovative designs. The arrangement should grab hold of the passerbyà ¢ â‚ ¬Ã… ¸s interest, especially the female youth- which will be MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s new target market. Although this is an advertising technique, it primarily falls under re-branding the store and giving the brand a new image. All these efforts should be concentrated towards recreating a store that does not remind the customers of the old store or their views of it- it should feel new to the customers and help develop positive impressions. Another way of erasing bad memories and creating a positive image in the minds of the public is by engaging in CSR (corporate social responsibilities) activities. MS should consider taking up a project that can prove to be beneficial for Shanghai and its people. One such way is by engaging in charitable causes that help raise funds to help out some of Shanghaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s poor population. Such activities should have proper news coverage so as to disseminate the message amongst the people about MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s good, unselfish deed. This will help change the minds of at least some of the people and help develop an optimistic view of the brand. Increasing brand awareness: Due to the fact that many people were unfamiliar with the brand, MS should engage in heavy advertising. It can include various mediums, some suggestions for MS are as follows:  · Television: This is the most successful way of reaching mass-market, especially in China where it is very popular. MS should consider buying slot times during programs that have the highest viewership. For example, the China Central Television (CCTV) claims to have 600 million viewers for its daily evening news- making it the most watched news program in the world. Adverts can also be shown during the running of popular programs like the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Spring Festival Galaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (one of the highest rated show in China), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Fashion Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (on Gungxi TV, which shows the highlight from fashion shows around the world- also one of the top-rated shows) or during famous soap operas like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Wo Juà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. MS should create eye-catching ads with catchy tunes and cool graphics and also make use of famous local celebrities like Yao Ming, Zhang Ziyi and Jay Chou to establish a connection with the local people. Famous international celebri ties, like David Beckham or singer Rihanna, can also be used for TV ads to catch the attention of the expats, and these ads will still manage to get the attention of the Chinese people who also like and recognise them (celebrity branding).  · Print advertising: Newspapers are also Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s most popular advertising medium. Papers like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Jiefang Ribaoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (Liberation Daily) and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Jingji Ribaoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (Economic Daily) have high readership rates- nevertheless, these are mainly read by the working class people. In order to reach out to the youth market, MS can advertise in the popular Chinese Youth Magazine known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Zhongguo Qing Nian Baoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. Popular female magazines like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Elle Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Harperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Bazaar Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ can also feature MS adverts and it will help reach out to middle-upper class women interested in fashion. Also, television-based brochures also have high circulation rates. MS can feature its ads in the Shanghai Weekly Radio Broadcasting and TV known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Meizhou Guangbo Dianshià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸, which has a circulation of 2.8 million in Shanghai.  · Online advertising: This is the usage of the World Wide Web in order to get the message across and build interest for your brand. In China, 1/3 of the population is found online, this makes it the second largest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾internet communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ in the world. Internet is a good way of reaching out to young people, and this is important to note as they will be MSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s target market for the clothing department. In China, Facebook is not as popular as websites called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾QQà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾360 Quanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ (Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s largest social networking sites). Whereby companies today are creating facebook pages to reach out to the youth market (e.g. Burberry), MS should try and join the aforementioned sites to create awareness, inform the youth about the brand and its products and encourage them to buy them. This is also a good way to connect with the